Class 9 SELINA Solutions Physics Chapter 5 - Upthrust in Fluids, Archimedes' Principle and Floatation

(a) buoyancy

The property of a liquid to exert an upward force on a body immersed in it is called buoyancy.

(b) an upward force

(c) less than its actual weight

The liquid's upthrust or buoyant force counteracts gravity's downward force, making the object appear lighter.

(a) (i) and (ii)

The correct characteristic properties of upthrust or buoyant force are that the smaller the volume of a body submerged in a liquid, the smaller is the upthrust, and the upthrust acts on the body in an upward direction at the center of buoyancy.

N 

(c)  

(b) liquids and gases

Archimedes' principle applies to both liquids and gases, as it specifically deals with the buoyant force experienced by objects immersed in fluids, which include liquids and gases.

(d) equal to, maximum

Based on Archimedes principle we know that, when a body is completely immersed in a liquid, the volume of the liquid displaced will be equal its own volume and the upthrust will be maximum.

(c) Archimedes' principle

Archimedes' principle states that when a body is immersed partially or completely in a liquid, it experiences an upthrust, which is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by it.

(b) slightly more

A body shall weigh more in vacuum because in absence of air, no upthrust will act on the body.

(a) the density of water is more than the density of cork.

The floating of a cork on the surface of water indicates that the density of water is more than the density of cork.

(a) the density of nail is more than the density of water

The sinking of an iron nail in water implies that the density of the nail is more the density of water.

(c) greater, smaller

Bodies of density greater than that of the liquid sink in it, while bodies of average density equal to or smaller than that of the liquid float on it. Hence, the correct answer is (c) greater, smaller.

Turpentine 

Buoyant force on a body due to a liquid acts upwards at the centre of buoyancy.

The upward force exerted on a body by the fluid in which it is submerged is called the upthrust. Its S.I. unit is 'newton'.

Upthrust due to water on block when fully submerged is more than its weight. Density of water is more than the density of cork; hence, upthrust due to water on the block of cork when fully submerged in water is more than its weight. 

F₂F₁; Sea water is denser than river water; therefore, the upthrust due to sea water will be greater than that due to river water at the same level. This shall make the body to appear lighter in the sea water.

(i) Weight of the body =  

(ii) Upthrust on the body =  

(iii) Apparent weight of the body in liquid = 

(iv) Loss in weight of the body =  

(a) Both have equal volumes. (b) Bounce back to the surface.

(c) More than 

Since the spheres have the same radius, both will have an equal volume inside water, and hence, the upthrust acted by water on both the spheres will be the same.

Hence, the required ratio of upthrust acting on two spheres is 1:1.

(i) The body will float if   or =  

(ii) The body will sink if    

Archimedes' principle states that when a body is immersed partially or completely in a liquid, it experiences an upthrust, which is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by it.

The property of a liquid to exert an upward force on a body immersed in it is called buoyancy.

A liquid contained in a vessel exerts pressure at all points and in all directions. The pressure at a point in a liquid is the same in all directions - upwards, downwards and sideways. It increases with the depth inside the liquid.

When a body is immersed in a liquid, the thrusts acting on the side walls of the body are neutralized as they are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. However, the magnitudes of pressure on the upper and lower faces are not equal. The difference in pressure on the upper and lower faces cause a net upward force (= pressure x area) or upthrust on the body.

It acts at the centre of buoyancy.

The upthrust has the following three characteristic properties:

(i) Larger the volume of body submerged in fluid, greater is the upthrust.

(ii) More the density of fluid, greater is the upthrust.

(iii) The upthrust acts on the body in upward direction at the centre of gravity of the displaced fluid which is called the centre of buoyancy.

A piece of wood if left under water comes to the surface of water because the upthrust on body due to its submerged part is equal to its own weight.

A body shall weigh more in vacuum because in vacuum, i.e. in absence of air, no upthrust will act on the body.

The readings in the spring balance decreases.

As the cylinder is immersed in the jar of water, an upward force acts on it, which is in opposition to the weight component of the cylinder. Hence the cylinder appears to be lighter.

Upthrust on a body depends on the following factors:

(i) Volume of the body submerged in the liquid or fluid.

(ii) Density of liquid or fluid in which the body is submerged.

Larger the volume of body submerged in liquid, greater is the upthrust acting on it.

When a bunch of feathers and a stone of the same mass are released simultaneously in air, the feathers will fall after the stone falls due to air friction. In vacuum, as there is no air friction, the acceleration due to gravity of both bodies will be the same, and therefore, the feathers and the stone will fall at the same time.

Observation: Volume of a block of wood immersed in glycerine is smaller as compared to the volume of block immersed in water.

Explanation: Density of glycerine is more than that of water. Hence, glycerine exerts more upthrust on the block of wood than water, causing it to float in glycerine with a smaller volume.

Sphere of iron will sink.

Density of iron is more than the density of water, so the weight of iron sphere will be more than the upthrust due to water in it; thus, it causes the iron sphere to sink.

Density of wood is less than the density of water, so the weight of sphere of wood shall be less than the upthrust due to water in it. So, the sphere of wood will float with a volume submerged inside water which is balanced by the upthrust due to water.

The bodies of average density greater than that of the liquid sink in it. While the bodies of average density equal to or smaller than that of liquid float on it.

It is easier to lift a heavy stone under water than in air because in water, it experiences an upward buoyant force which balances the actual weight of the stone acting downwards. Thus, due to upthrust there is an apparent loss in the weight of the heavy stone, which makes it lighter in water, and hence easy to lift.

When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a liquid, an upward force acts on it. This upward force is known as an upthrust.

Upthrust can be demonstrated by the following experiment:

Take an empty can and close its mouth with an airtight stopper. Put it in a tub filled with water. It floats with a large part of it above the surface of water and only a small part of it below the surface of water. Push the can into the water. You can feel an upward force and you find it difficult to push the can further into water. It is noticed that as the can is pushed more and more into the water, more and more force is needed to push the can further into water, until it is completely immersed. When the can is fully inside the water, a definite force is still needed to keep it at rest in that position. Again, if the can is released in this position, it is noticed that the can bounces back to the surface and starts floating again.

Experiment to show that a body immersed in a liquid appears lighter:

Take a solid body and suspend it by a thin thread from the hook of a spring balance as shown in the above figure (a). Note its weight. Above figure (a) shows the weight as 0.67 N.

Then, take a can filled with water. Immerse the solid gently into the water while hanging from the hook of the spring balance as shown in figure (b). Note its weight. Above figure (b) shows the weight as 0.40 N.

The reading in this case (b) shall be less than the reading in the case (a), which proves that a body immersed in a liquid appears to be lighter.

If F1  F2 or F1 = F2, the body will float.

If F1  F2, the body will sink.

Consider a cylindrical body PQRS of cross-sectional area A immersed in a liquid of density  as shown in the figure above. Let the upper surface PQ of the body is at a depth h₁ while its lower surface RS is at depth h₂ below the free surface of liquid.

At depth h₁, the pressure on the upper surface PQ,

P₁ = h₁ g.

Therefore, the downward thrust on the upper surface PQ,

F₁ = Pressure x Area = h₁ gA ……………….(i)

At depth h₂, pressure on the lower surface RS,

P₂ = h₂ g

Therefore, the upward thrust on the lower surface RS,

F₂ = Pressure x Area = h₂ gA …………………(ii)

The horizontal thrust at various points on the vertical sides of body get balanced because the liquid pressure is the same at all points at the same depth.

From the above equations (i) and (ii), it is clear that F₂  F₁ because h₂  h₁ and therefore, body will experience a net upward force.

Resultant upward thrust or buoyant force on the body,

F_B = F₂  F₁

 = h₂ gA  h₁ gA

 = A (h₂  h₁) g

However, A (h₂  h₁) = V, the volume of the body is submerged in a liquid.

Therefore, upthrust F_B = V g.

Now, V g = Volume of solid immersed x Density of liquid x Acceleration due to gravity

 = Volume of liquid displaced x Density of liquid x Acceleration due to gravity

 = Mass of liquid displaced x Acceleration due to gravity

 = Weight of the liquid displaced by the submerged part of the body

Thus, Upthrust F_B = weight of the liquid displaced by the submerged part of the body…..(iii)

Now, let us take a solid and suspend it by a thin thread from the hook of a spring balance and note its weight.

Then take a eureka can and fill it with water up to its spout. Arrange a measuring cylinder below the spout of the eureka can as shown. Immerse the solid gently in water. The water displaced by the solid is collected in the measuring cylinder.

When the water stops dripping through the spout, note the weight of the solid and volume of water collected in the measuring cylinder.

From the diagram, it is clear that

Loss in weight (Weight in air - Weight in water) = Volume of water displaced.

Or, Loss in weight = Volume of water displaced x 1 gcm^-3 [Because the density of water = 1 gcm^-3]

Or, Loss in weight = Weight of water displaced ……………(iv)

From equations (iii) and (iv),

Loss in weight = Upthrust or buoyant force

Let us take a solid and suspend it by a thin thread from the hook of a spring balance and note its weight (Fig a).

Then take a eureka can and fill it with water up to its spout. Arrange a measuring cylinder below the spout of the eureka can as shown. Immerse the solid gently in water. The water displaced by the solid gets collected in the measuring cylinder.

When water stops dripping through the spout, note the weight of the solid and volume of water collected in the measuring cylinder.

From diagram, it is clear that

Loss in weight (Weight in air  weight in water) = 300 gf  200 gf = 100 gf

Volume of water displaced = Volume of solid = 100 cm³

Because density of water = 1 gcm^-3  

Weight of water displaced = 100 gf = Upthrust or loss in weight

This verifies Archimedes' principle.

(a) decreases with an increase in temperature

The effect of temperature on density is that it decreases as temperature rises.

(b) 8.9 g cm^-3

The density of copper is 8.9 g cm^-3.

(d) 7800 kg/m³

Given:

Mass = 7.8 g

Volume = 1 cm³

Now,

Density = Mass / Volume

Density = 7.8 g / 1 cm³

= 7.8 g / (1/1,000,000) m³ (∵ 1 m³ = 1,000,000 cm³)

= 7.8 g x 1,000,000 / 1 m³

= 7,800,000 g/m³

= 7800 kg/m³

(d) 4, 1000

The density of water is maximum at 4 °C and is 1000 kg/m.

Water 

No unit. 

(a)  

(d) 10.5

(d)  

(b)  

The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

(i) The C.G.S. unit of density is gcm^-3.

(ii) The S.I. unit of density is kgm^-3.

1 gcm^-3 = 1000 kgm^-3 

It means the mass of 1 m^-3 of iron is 7800 kg.

Density of water at 4° C in S.I. units is 1000 kgm^-3.

(i) Mass of a metallic body remains unchanged with increase in temperature.

(ii) Volume of metallic body increases with an increase in temperature.

(iii) Density (= Mass/volume) of a metallic body decreases with an increase in temperature.

(i) Volume, (ii) kg m^-3, (iii) 1000 and (iv) 1000 

Relative density is the ratio of two similar quantities; thus, it has no unit.

On heating from the density of water increases up to and then decreases beyond

The relative density of a substance is the ratio of density of that substance to the density of water at

Relative density, also known as specific gravity, is defined as the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of a reference substance.

It is typically used to compare the density of a substance to that of water at a standard temperature and pressure.

i.e.,  

Density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to its volume but R.D. of a substance is the ratio of density of that substance to the density of water at

Steps:

(i) With the help of a physical balance, find the weight, W₁ of the given solid.

(ii) Immerse the solid completely in a beaker filled with water such that it does not touch the walls and bottom of beaker, and find the weight W₂ of solid in water.

Observations:

Loss in weight of solid when immersed in water = (W₁  W₂) gf

R.D. = Weight of solid in air/Loss of weight of solid in water

R.D. = W₁/(W₁  W₂).

If the solid is soluble in water, then instead of water, take a liquid in which the solid is insoluble and it sinks in the liquid.

Then, R.D. = (Weight of solid in air/Loss of weight of solid in liquid) x R.D. of the liquid

Relative density is the ratio of weight of a given volume of liquid to the weight of the same volume of water.

Using Archimedes principle, we can perform an experiment which measures the weight of a liquid displaced by a body and weight of water displaced by the same body.

Weight of liquid displaced by a body is given by the difference of weight of a body in air and weight of a body in liquid.

Weight of the water displaced by the body can be found by knowing the difference of the weight of the body in air and the weight of the body in water.

Therefore, using Archimedes principle, the relative density can be calculated using the formula:

(i) Volume of the body = W₁ - W₃ cm³

(ii) Upthrust due to liquid = loss in weight when immersed in liquid = W₁ - W₂ gf

(iii)

Weight of a body in air = W₁gf

Weight of that body in liquid = W₂gf

Weight of that body in water = W₃gf 

(iv)

Weight of a body in air = W₁gf

Weight of that body in liquid = W₂gf

Weight of that body in water = W₃gf 

Density of iron = 8.9 × 10³ = 8900

Density of water = 1000

Weight of iron when immersed in water is given by

1. The mass of stone is 15.1 g. Hence, its weight in air will be W_a = 15.1 gf
2. When stone is immersed in water its weight becomes 9.7 gf. So, the upthrust on the stone is 15.1 - 9.7 = 5.4 gf, Since the density of water is 1 g cm^-3, the volume of stone is 5.4 cm³.

3. Weight of stone in liquid is W_l = 10.9 gf

   Weight of stone in water is Ww = 9.7 gf

   Therefore, the relative density of stone is

    

4. Relative density of liquid is

    

(a) W= F_B 

(b) completely immersed inside the liquid

(b) sink

When the weight of a body is greater than the weight of the liquid displaced, the body will sink.

(c) W < F'_B

(d) Zero 

(a)  

(c) 

(a) Plimsoll line

The Plimsoll line is a reference mark located on a ship's hull that indicates the maximum depth to which the vessel may be safely immersed when loaded with cargo.

(a) only (i)

An unloaded ship rises until the weight of the water displaced equals the weight of the unloaded ship, whereas a loaded ship sinks further in water to displace more water until the weight of the water displaced equals the weight of the loaded ship.

Ships, on the other hand, submerge more in river water due to their lower density compared to sea water.

(c) lower, stable

Filling an unloaded ship with sand at its bottom lowers its center of gravity, making its equilibrium stable and less prone to tipping or capsizing.

(b) the density of sea water is more than that of river water.

It is easier for humans to swim in sea water compared to river water because sea water is typically denser due to its higher salt content.

(a) filled with water, greater

A submarine dives by filling its ballast tanks with water, which increases its weight and average density, making it less buoyant and allowing it to sink in the water.

(d) larger, smaller

Icebergs float in water with a larger portion submerged beneath the water surface and a smaller portion above the water surface due to buoyancy.

(b) the density of air decreases with altitude

The density of air decreases with altitude, resulting in a decrease in buoyancy force and eventually reaching a point of equilibrium.

(b) increases, decreases

When a fish wants to rise up in the water, it diffuses oxygen gas from its blood into the swim bladder, increasing its volume and decreasing its average density, making it more buoyant.

According to the principle of floatation, the weight of a floating body is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by its submerged part.

The reading on the spring balance will be zero because wood floats on water and while floating the apparent weight = 0.

The body will float if its density is less than or equal to the density of the liquid.

The body will sink if its density is greater than the density of the liquid.

(i) Weight of the floating body is equal to the upthrust.

(ii) While floating, the apparent weight is zero.

Due to the hollow and empty space in the ship, the average density of a ship is less than the density of water.

1. Ice will be more submerged inside water. Ice has a greater density than wood, although the volume of both is the same. So to support a greater amount of weight, ice needs to displace more water, and to displace more water, it has to be submerged more as compared to wood.
2. As ice displaces more water, it will experience more upthrust.

When a floating piece of ice melts into water, it contracts by the volume equal to the volume of ice pieces above the water surface while floating on it. Hence, the level of water does not change when ice floating on it melts.

Due to the hollow and empty space in the ship, the average density of a ship is less than the density of water.

Forces acting on the body are listed below:

(i) Weight of the body vertically downwards.

(ii) Upthrust of water on body vertically upwards.

(iii) Tension in thread vertically downwards. 

When ice floating in a glass of water melts, the level of water in the glass does not change because the volume of water produced by the melting ice is equal to the volume of water that was displaced by the ice when it was floating.

(a) The ball will float because the density of ball (i.e. iron) is less than the density of mercury.

(b) While floating, the apparent weight = 0.

Density of iron is less than the density of mercury; hence, an iron nail floats in mercury and density of iron is more than the density of water; hence, an iron nail sinks in water.

When the body is partially immersed, its centre of buoyancy will be below the centre of gravity of the block.

When the body is completely immersed, its centre of buoyancy will coincide the centre of gravity.

The upthrust on the body by each liquid is the same and equal to the weight of the body.

However, upthrust = Volume submerged × × g,

For the liquid C, since the volume submerged is least so the density ρ₃ must be maximum.

Centre of buoyancy: It is the point through which the resultant of the buoyancy forces on a submerged body act; it coincides with the centre of gravity of the displaced liquid, if the body is completely immersed.

For a floating body with its part submerged in the liquid, the centre of buoyancy is at the centre of gravity of the submerged part of the body and it lies vertically below the centre of gravity of the entire body.

Observation : The balloon will sink.

Explanation : As air is pumped out from jar, the density of air in jar decreases, so the upthrust on balloon decreases. As weight of balloon exceeds the upthrust on it, it sinks. 

(a) It will float with some part outside water.

Reason : On adding some salt to water, the density of water increases, so upthrust on a block of wood increases, and hence, the block rises up till the weight of salty water displaced by the submerged part of block becomes equal to the weight of the block.

(b) The block will sink.

Reason: On heating, the density of water decreases, so upthrust on the block decreases and the weight of block exceeds upthrust due to which it sinks. 

Density of brine is more than the density of water. Hence, the upthrust exerted by brine is more than the upthrust exerted by water on ice. Therefore, floating ice is less submerged in brine.

(i) 1:1; The weight of the water displaced by the man in sea and river will be same and will be equal to his own weight.

(ii) He finds it easier to swim in the sea because the density of sea water is more than the density of river water. So his weight is balanced in sea water with a part of his body submerged in the water.

An iron nail sinks in water because density of iron is more than the density of water, so the weight of the nail is more than the upthrust of water on it.

On the other hand, ships are also made of iron, but they do not sink. This is because the ship is hollow and the empty space in it contains air, which makes its average density less than that of water. Therefore, even with a small portion of ship submerged in water, the weight of water displaced by the submerged part of ship becomes equal to the total weight of ship and it floats.

A ship submerges more as it sails from sea water to river water.

Density of river water is less than the density of sea water. Hence, according to the law of floatation, to balance the weight of the ship, a greater volume of water is required to be displaced in river water of lower density.

(i) Two forces acting on the body are as listed below:

(a) Weight of the body (downwards)

(b) Upthrust of the liquid (upwards)

(ii) If the weight of the body is greater than the upthrust acting on it, the body will sink

If the weight of the body is equal to or less than the upthrust acting on it, the body will float.

(iii) (a) The net force acting on the body when it sinks is body's own weight.

(b) The net force acting on the body when it floats is the upthrust due to the liquid.

The forces acting are as listed below:

(i) Weight of the body acting downwards.

(ii) Upthrust due to water acting upwards.

Weight of water displaced by the floating body = Weight of the body 

(a) Icebergs are dangerous for ships as they may collide with them. Icebergs being lighter than water, float on water with a major part of their surfaces laying under the water surface and only a small part lies outside water. Thus, it becomes difficult for the driver of the ship to estimate the size of the iceberg.

(b) Density of a strong salt solution is more than the density of fresh water. Hence, the salt solution exerts a greater upthrust on the egg which balances the weight of the egg, so the egg floats in a strong salt solution but sinks in fresh water.

(c) Density of hydrogen is much less than the density of carbon dioxide. When a balloon is filled with hydrogen, the weight of the air displaced by an inflated balloon (i.e. upthrust) becomes more than the weight of a gas filled balloon, and hence, it rises. In case of a balloon filled with carbon dioxide, weight of the balloon becomes more than the upthrust of the air, and hence, it sinks to the floor.

(d) As a ship in harbor is unloaded, its weight decreases. As a result, it displaces less water, and the ship's hull rises in water till the weight of the water displaced balances the weight of the unloaded ship.

(e) The reason is that the density of air decreases with altitude. Therefore, as the balloon gradually goes up, the weight of the displaced air (i.e. uphrust) decreases. It keeps on rising as long as the upthrust exceeds its weight. When upthrust becomes equal to its weight, it stops rising.

(f) Density of river water is less than the density of sea water. Hence, according to the law of floatation, to balance the weight of the ship, a great volume of water is required to be displaced in river water having a comparitively lower density.