Class 10 SELINA Solutions Biology Chapter 12 - The Endocrine System

(d) Sebaceous gland

(a) Prolactin

(c) Uterus

(c) Gigantism and Acromegaly 

(b) Pancreas 

(a) β- cells of Pancreas 

(d) Pancreas

(b) Thyroid

(d) Adrenaline

(a) Glucagon

(a) Adrenaline

(b) Hypoglycemia

(c) Insulin

(d) Isthmus

(e) Anti-diuretic hormone (Vasopressin)

(f) Adrenaline

If there was hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in a child; the child will suffer from cretinism. The symptoms of cretinism are dwarfism, mental retardation, etc.

(a) Pellagra (Rest are conditions caused due to insufficient secretion of thyroxine hormone)

(b) Gamma cells (Rest are three different kinds of cells from which pancreatic hormones are produced)

(c) Oxytocin (Rest are hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland)

(d) Prostate (Rest are endocrine glands)

(e) Thiamine (Rest are hormones)

(a) ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(b) TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone

(c) ADH - Anti-diuretic hormone

(d) LH - Luteinizing hormone

(e) FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

(a) Larynx (Rest are hormones)

(b) Penicillin (Rest are hormones)

(c) Adrenaline (Rest are organs associated with the digestive system of human body)

(d) Insulin (Rest are hormones secreted by the pituitary gland)

(e) Iodine (Rest are disorders caused due to undersecretion of thyroxine hormone)

(a) Beta cells : Insulin :: Alpha cells : Glucagon.

(b) Children : Cretinism :: Adults : Myxoedema.

(c) Undersecretion : Dwarfism :: Oversecretion : Gigantism.

(d) Diabetes mellitus : Insulin :: Diabetes insipidus : Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 

a) Hyperglycemia

b) Simple goitre

c) Cretinism

d) Exophthalmic goitre

e) Acromegaly in adults and gigantism in children

(a) Thyroid: It is situated in the front part of the neck just below the larynx.

(b) Adrenal: It is present as a cap on the top of each kidney.

(c) Pancreas: It is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen.

(d) Pituitary: It hangs from the base of the mid-brain below the hypothalamus.

(a) Insulin, Glucagon and Somatostatin

(b) Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

(c) Growth hormone, Prolactin, Adreno-corticotropic hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone and   Luteinizing hormone

(d) Vasopressin and Oxytocin

(e) Adrenaline

(f) Simple goitre, Cretinism and Myxoedema

(g) Dwarfism and mental retardation

(h) Gigantism and acromegaly

Adrenaline is the hormone which prepares the body to meet any emergency situation. Adrenaline makes the heart beat faster. At the same time, it stimulates the constriction of the arterioles of the digestive system reducing the blood supply of the digestive system which makes the mouth dry.

(a) Endocrine system: Endocrine system consists of several endocrine glands/glandular cells which activate each other and work as a system to bring about chemical coordination in the body.

(b) Hormones: Hormones are secretions from specific cells or glands in the body, which are carried to all body parts through the blood, but exert their effect only on one or more specific body parts (target organ or cells).

(c) Myxoedema: Myxoedema is a condition which occurs in adults due to hypothyroidism in which the person becomes sluggish with swelling of the face and hands. 

(a) Differences between exocrine and endocrine glands (manner of secretion):

(b) Differences between enzymes and hormones (chemical composition and mode of action):

(c) Differences between nervous control and hormonal control (transmission and effect):

(d) Differences between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus (cause and symptoms):

(e) Differences between Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome (cause and sugar level):

(a) Adrenaline is often described as the emergency hormone because it prepares the body to meet any emergency situation, for fight and face the danger or flight and run away from it. More adrenaline is secreted which makes the heart beat faster, increases the breathing, releases more glucose into the blood stream to fulfill the energy requirement.

(b) Pituitary is popularly called as the master gland because it controls the functioning of all the other endocrine glands.

(c) People living in the low Himalayan hilly regions often suffer from goitre because iodine is deficient in soil and hence, in the food grown there. Insufficient iodine produces less thyroxine which results in goitre.

(d) Iodised salt contains iodine which is an active ingredient in the production of thyroxine. Hence, it is recommended to use iodised salt in food to prevent simple goitre.

(a) Adrenal gland

(b) Pancreas

(c) Thyroid gland

(d) Pituitary gland

a. Glucagon: Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans

Insulin: Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans

b. Insulin: It maintains the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

Glucagon: It raises the blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

c. An endocrine gland is one which does not pour its secretions into a duct, while an exocrine gland is a gland which pours its secretions into a duct. Because the pancreas produces hormones such as insulin, glucagon and somatostatin directly into the blood and not into a duct, it functions as an endocrine gland. Because it secretes the pancreatic juices for digestion via a duct, it functions as an exocrine gland. Hence, the pancreas is an exo-endocrine gland.

d. Insulin is not administered orally because the digestive juices degrade insulin, and thus the insulin is ineffective in the body.

e. Islets of Langerhans

f. The pancreas is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.

(a) This portion is located in the neck region above the sternum.

(b) 1- Larynx, 2 - Thyroid gland, 3 - Trachea

(c) Larynx is the voice box containing vocal cords. It helps in producing sound.

Thyroid gland produces thyroxine and calcitonin which are essential hormones.

Trachea is the wind pipe that helps in passing air to and from the respiratory system while breathing.

(d) Structure 2 is the thyroid gland. It is an endocrine gland, so it is ductless and pours its secretions directly into the blood. Hence, there is no duct.

(a) 1- Pituitary gland, 2 - thyroid gland, 3 - pancreas, 4 - adrenal glands

(b) All the glands shown in the above diagram are endocrine glands. They secrete essential hormones and pour their secretions directly into the blood.

(c) Iodine is essential for the normal working of thyroxine.

(a) The gland is pituitary gland. It is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of the mid-brain below the hypothalamus.

(b) 1- Posterior pituitary, 2- Anterior pituitary, 3- Hypophysial stalk

(c) Two secretions from posterior pituitary (1) are vasopressin and oxytocin and two secretions from anterior pituitary (2) are thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone.

(d) Deficiency of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) causes diabetes insipidus. In diabetes mellitus, the urine contains sugar but in diabetes insipidus, there is no sugar in urine.