Class 8 NCERT Solutions Science Chapter 1 - Crop Production and Management
Crop Production and Management Exercise 13
Solution 1
(a) Crop
(b) Preparation
(c) Float
(d) Water, nutrients
Concept insight: Important from Exam Point of View.
Crop Production and Management Exercise 14
Solution 2
Concept insight: Important from Exam Point of View.
Solution 3
(a) Kharif crops: Paddy, maize
(b) Rabi crops: Wheat, gram
Concept insight: Cropping patterns in India.
Solution 4
(a) Preparation of soil: It is the first method to be followed before growing a crop.
i.This method is usually employed for loosening the soil to allow the root to penetrate deep into it.
ii.The loosening of the soil helps in the growth of several soil microbes, earthworms etc., which enrich the soil with humus and other essential nutrients. Plants require nutrients for their proper growth and functioning.
iii.The process of loosening is called tilling or ploughing the soil. Tilling of soil brings the nutrient-rich soil to the top. This helps the plants to utilize the nutrients for their growth.
(b)Sowing: Sowing is another important step in crop production. It is the process of placing the seed in or on the soil for future growth.
i.The seeds that are selected for growing should be of good quality. This will improve the net yield of the crop. Sowing is usually done with the help of either a traditional tool or a seed drill. The traditional tool is shaped like a funnel. It was used earlier for sowing seeds.
ii.Nowadays, seed drills that make the use of tractors are used for sowing seeds. This tool disperses seeds uniformly and sows seeds at proper depth. Sowing by this method saves time and also protects the seeds from birds.
(c)Weeding: Undesirable plants that grow along with the crop are known as weeds. Weeding is the process of removing these weeds. Xanthium, Parthenium, etc. are some common weeds. Weeds compete with the crop for nutrients, light, and space. As a result, crop plants get lesser nutrients, light, and space for their development. This in turn, reduces their productivity. Thus, various weeding methods are employed.Some important weeding methods are:
(i) Weeds can be controlled using weedicides. It is a chemical, which is sprayed in the fields to kill all available weeds. Weedicides are not harmful to crops.
(ii) Tilling before sowing of crops also helps in removing weeds. Tilling uproots the weeds. The best time for removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds.
(iii) The manual method of removing weeds is with the help of a khurpi. It involves regular uprooting or cutting of weeds close to the ground.
(d)Threshing: Threshing is the process of separating grains or seeds from chaff. It is done after harvesting the crop. It is usually carried out with the help of a machine known as 'Combine'. This machine is a combined harvester and thresher. It harvests plants as well as cleans grains.
Concept insight: Recall the various agricultural activities.
Solution 5
Differences between fertilizers and manure:
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Fertilizers |
Manure |
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i. Fertilizers are commercially available plant nutrients. |
i. Manure is a natural substance prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant wastes. |
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ii. They can be organic or inorganic in nature. |
ii. Manure is organic in nature. |
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iii. They ensure healthy growth and development of plants by providing them with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. |
iii. They help in enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients. |
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iv. The addition of fertilizers to the soil requires special guidelines such as dose, time, post addition precautions, etc. to be followed. |
iv. The addition of manure does not require any special guidelines.
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v. A fertilizer does not provide humus to the soil. |
v. Manure provides humus to the soil and increases soil fertility. |
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vi. Its excessive use causes water pollution. It cannot replenish organic matter to the soil. |
vi. It protects the environment and helps in recycling farm wastes. |
Concept insight: Fertilizers cause pollution of soil and water.
Solution 6
Irrigation is the process by which water is supplied to the crops at different intervals. The time and frequency of irrigation varies according to different seasons, crops, and soil types. There are various sources of irrigation such as wells, canals, rivers, dams, ponds, and lakes.
Two methods of irrigation which help in conservation of water are:
a) Sprinkler system: This system is more useful on uneven land, having fewer water supplies. In this method, water is supplied using pipes to one or more central locations within the field. When water is allowed to flow under high pressure with the help of a pump, it gets sprinkled on the crops.
b) Drip system: In this system, water is delivered at or near the roots of plants, drop by drop. This is the most efficient method of irrigation as there is no wastage of water at all. This method is important in areas where water availability is poor.
Concept insight: Water is necessary for the growth of plants so it is important that proper irrigation of the crops is done.
Solution 7
If wheat is sown in the kharif season (from June to October), then the whole crop might get destroyed because of many factors such as:
i. Lack of optimum temperature, adaptability, availability of pests, etc.
ii. Kharif season includes the rainy season, which is not favorable for the growth of wheat crop. Therefore, wheat crop should not be sown during this season.
Concept insight: Wheat does not need much water. It is sown during the months of October and November.
Solution 8
Due continuous plantation of crops in a field soil becomes poor in certain nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. Plants require nutrients for their proper growth and functioning. When a farmer continues to grow crops one after the other, then all nutrients available in the soil reduce and the crop yield decreases automatically.
Concept insight: There should be a gap between growing seasons otherwise soil will lose its nutrients and the yield of the crops will reduce drastically.
Solution 9
Undesirable plants that grow along with crop plants are known as weeds. Xanthium, Parthenium, etc. are some common weeds. Weeds compete with the crop for nutrients, light, and space. As a result, crop plants get lesser nutrients, light, and space for their development. This in turn, reduces their productivity. Thus, various weeding methods are employed.
Some important weeding methods are:
i.Weeds can be controlled by using chemicals called weedicides which are sprayed in the fields to kill all available weeds. These are not harmful to crops.
ii.Tilling before sowing of crops also helps in removing weeds. Tilling uproots the weeds. The best time for the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds.
iii.The manual method of removing weeds is with the help of a khurpi. It involves regular uprooting or cutting of weeds close to the ground.
Concept insight: Weeds affect the growth of plants adversely.
Solution 10
Concept insight: List various agricultural practices.
Crop Production and Management Exercise 15
Solution 11
Concept insight: Important from Exam Point of View.
